{"id":497,"date":"2023-12-19T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jacar.es\/docker-swarm-sigue-vivo\/"},"modified":"2023-12-19T10:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-12-19T10:00:00","slug":"docker-swarm-sigue-vivo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jacar.es\/en\/docker-swarm-sigue-vivo\/","title":{"rendered":"Docker Swarm in 2023: When It Still Makes Sense"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The popular narrative says <strong>Kubernetes won<\/strong> and Docker Swarm is dead. Reality is more nuanced. Swarm remains maintained (it\u2019s part of Docker Engine), works perfectly in production, and for a specific slice of cases remains the right choice \u2014 not a legacy option. We cover when Swarm still makes sense, what costs less, and what limitations you accept in exchange.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"the-real-state-in-2023\">The Real State in 2023<\/h2>\n<p>Some facts about the current state:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Swarm is <strong>integrated in Docker Engine<\/strong> \u2014 not a separate project that can be independently abandoned.<\/li>\n<li>Receives <strong>regular maintenance<\/strong> though without flashy new features.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mirantis acquired Docker Enterprise<\/strong> in 2019 and maintains the technology \u2014 it\u2019s not orphaned.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Established adoption<\/strong> in small and medium organisations not needing Kubernetes complexity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>What it ISN\u2019T in 2023:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Not the coolest, not what you\u2019ll see in DevOps talks.<\/li>\n<li>Doesn\u2019t have the operator and tooling ecosystem of Kubernetes.<\/li>\n<li>Not an option for large hyperscale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"when-swarm-is-the-best-option\">When Swarm Is the Best Option<\/h2>\n<p>There are concrete cases where Swarm wins without dispute:<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"small-teams-without-dedicated-sre\">Small Teams Without Dedicated SRE<\/h3>\n<p>If your dev team is 5-15 people and you have no dedicated SRE\/ops, <strong>Swarm costs significantly less to operate<\/strong> than Kubernetes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Setup in minutes vs days.<\/li>\n<li>Limited concepts (services, stacks, secrets, configs, networks). No CRDs, no operators, no Helm.<\/li>\n<li><code>docker stack deploy -c stack.yml my-app<\/code> and done.<\/li>\n<li>Learning curve compatible with knowing Docker Compose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For a 30-50-person organisation with 3-10 services, Swarm can deliver 95% of the value with 20% of the operational cost.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"self-hosted-on-vps\">Self-hosted on VPS<\/h3>\n<p>For services hosted on owned VPSs (1-5 nodes), Swarm is the natural tool. Kubernetes at this size is over-engineering \u2014 most of its value is at scale you don\u2019t have.<\/p>\n<p>Typical deployments:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Own and client websites on a few VPSs.<\/li>\n<li>Self-hosted stacks (Nextcloud, Mailcow, Gitea).<\/li>\n<li>Small companies with their own infra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"smooth-migration-from-docker-compose\">Smooth Migration From Docker Compose<\/h3>\n<p>If you already use Compose in production (common in small companies), Swarm is the natural next step. Your <code>docker-compose.yml<\/code> files work almost without changes \u2014 you just add the <code>deploy:<\/code> field with replicas, resources, and placement.<\/p>\n<p>Migrating to Kubernetes from Compose requires rewriting manifests, learning new concepts, configuring many pieces. Swarm is continuity.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"edge-computing-in-mini-clusters\">Edge Computing in Mini-clusters<\/h3>\n<p>For 3-10-node edge clusters (remote offices, factories, geographically distributed locations), Swarm is light, simple, and enough. Kubernetes at edge requires specialised distributions (k3s, microk8s) that add their own complexity.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"when-kubernetes-is-clearly-better\">When Kubernetes Is Clearly Better<\/h2>\n<p>Honesty: Swarm doesn\u2019t scale to every case. K8s wins when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>You need advanced operators<\/strong>. PostgreSQL HA, Cassandra, Kafka clusters \u2014 Kubernetes has mature operators, Swarm doesn\u2019t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strong multi-tenancy with namespaces<\/strong>. Swarm has no real equivalent of namespaces.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sophisticated autoscaling<\/strong>. HPA\/VPA, autoscalers based on custom metrics \u2014 Swarm has manual or very basic scaling.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Service mesh, ingress controllers, mature GitOps<\/strong>. The whole CNCF ecosystem aligns with K8s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hire-ability<\/strong>. In 2023 many more people know Kubernetes than Swarm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Multi-cluster cross-region<\/strong>. K8s with federation or tools; Swarm is single-cluster.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For an organisation with 20+ services, multiple teams, and enterprise needs, K8s is the right choice.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"what-you-accept-with-swarm\">What You Accept With Swarm<\/h2>\n<p>If you choose Swarm, you assume some limitations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Limited ecosystem<\/strong>. Helm, ArgoCD, Backstage \u2014 all that is Kubernetes-only.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Simpler networking<\/strong> (VXLAN-based overlay). Works but isn\u2019t CNI with plugins.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No granular RBAC<\/strong> comparable to K8s. More limited roles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Smaller documentation and tutorials<\/strong>. Any \u201cmodern\u201d problem has 100 K8s answers, 5 Swarm answers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No modern features like formal sidecar pattern<\/strong>. You can do it but less idiomatic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For cases where these limitations aren\u2019t a problem, they\u2019re acceptable trade-offs.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"typical-swarm-stack-in-production\">Typical Swarm Stack in Production<\/h2>\n<p>An architecture I see working well in real projects:<\/p>\n<pre><code>Swarm cluster (1 manager + 2 workers, or 3 managers in HA)\n   \u2502\n   \u251c\u2500\u2500 Traefik as proxy\/ingress (with automatic Let&#39;s Encrypt)\n   \u251c\u2500\u2500 PostgreSQL\/MariaDB as Swarm service with bind volume\n   \u251c\u2500\u2500 Apps in separate stacks (each client or domain = stack)\n   \u251c\u2500\u2500 Portainer as management UI\n   \u251c\u2500\u2500 Prometheus + Grafana + Loki for observability\n   \u251c\u2500\u2500 Watchtower for auto-update (in monitor mode)\n   \u2514\u2500\u2500 Backups with restic to external object storage<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Operable by one person. Reasonable to monitor. Covers the vast majority of own-hosting needs.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"essential-commands\">Essential Commands<\/h2>\n<p>For someone coming from Compose, the key concepts:<\/p>\n<div class=\"sourceCode\" id=\"cb2\">\n<pre class=\"sourceCode bash\"><code class=\"sourceCode bash\"><span id=\"cb2-1\"><a href=\"#cb2-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># Initialise Swarm<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-2\"><a href=\"#cb2-2\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> swarm init <span class=\"at\">--advertise-addr<\/span> <span class=\"op\">&lt;<\/span>ip<span class=\"op\">&gt;<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-3\"><a href=\"#cb2-3\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-4\"><a href=\"#cb2-4\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># Add worker<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-5\"><a href=\"#cb2-5\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> swarm join <span class=\"at\">--token<\/span> <span class=\"op\">&lt;<\/span>token<span class=\"op\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"op\">&lt;<\/span>manager-ip<span class=\"op\">&gt;<\/span>:2377<\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-6\"><a href=\"#cb2-6\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-7\"><a href=\"#cb2-7\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># List nodes<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-8\"><a href=\"#cb2-8\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> node ls<\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-9\"><a href=\"#cb2-9\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-10\"><a href=\"#cb2-10\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># Deploy stack<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-11\"><a href=\"#cb2-11\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> stack deploy <span class=\"at\">-c<\/span> stack.yml my-app<\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-12\"><a href=\"#cb2-12\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-13\"><a href=\"#cb2-13\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># List stacks and services<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-14\"><a href=\"#cb2-14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> stack ls<\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-15\"><a href=\"#cb2-15\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> service ls<\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-16\"><a href=\"#cb2-16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-17\"><a href=\"#cb2-17\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># Service logs<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-18\"><a href=\"#cb2-18\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> service logs my-app_web <span class=\"at\">-f<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-19\"><a href=\"#cb2-19\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-20\"><a href=\"#cb2-20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># Scale<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-21\"><a href=\"#cb2-21\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> service scale my-app_web=3<\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-22\"><a href=\"#cb2-22\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-23\"><a href=\"#cb2-23\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># Rolling update<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-24\"><a href=\"#cb2-24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> service update <span class=\"at\">--image<\/span> nginx:1.25 my-app_web<\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-25\"><a href=\"#cb2-25\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-26\"><a href=\"#cb2-26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"co\"># Remove stack<\/span><\/span>\n<span id=\"cb2-27\"><a href=\"#cb2-27\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/a><span class=\"ex\">docker<\/span> stack rm my-app<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>If you know Compose, you have 70% of Swarm already.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Docker Swarm is alive in 2023 and remains the right choice for cases where Kubernetes is over-engineering. Small teams, self-hosted, edge mini-clusters \u2014 all cases where Swarm\u2019s simplicity and low operational cost are worth more than K8s\u2019s advanced features. The \u201cSwarm is dead\u201d stigma is overblown: for the right case, it\u2019s still the right tool. The honest important question is: do you need K8s, or do you need something simple that orchestrates containers?<\/p>\n<p>Follow us on jacar.es for more on orchestration, self-hosting, and pragmatic architectures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kubernetes won the battle but Docker Swarm remains active and useful for specific cases. When to choose Swarm without feeling dated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,19],"tags":[293,123,291,58,292,294],"class_list":["post-497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arquitectura","category-tecnologia","tag-compose","tag-contenedores","tag-docker-swarm","tag-kubernetes","tag-orquestacion","tag-self-hosted"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["es","en"],"languages":{"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true}}},"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Docker Swarm in 2023: When It Still Makes Sense - Jacar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Docker Swarm in 2023: current state, cases where it&#039;s still better than Kubernetes, practical comparison, and limitations to consider.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jacar.es\/docker-swarm-sigue-vivo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Docker Swarm in 2023: When It Still Makes Sense - 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