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The European AI Act took effect on 1 August 2024 with a staggered calendar, and its Annex III high-risk rules no longer land in August 2026. The Digital Omnibus, closed by the Parliament and the Council, moves that deadline 17 months to 2 December 2027. Prohibitions since February 2025 and general-purpose AI duties since August 2025 still apply.
The EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689) entered force on 1 August 2024. It classifies AI systems into four risk levels with graduated deadlines: prohibitions in February 2025, GPAI obligations in August 2025, and high-risk requirements in August 2026. It applies to any company operating or selling in the EU, with fines exceeding GDPR levels.
Federated learning trains AI models collaboratively across many devices or organisations without moving the original data: each participant trains locally and sends only gradients to the central server. Formalised by Google in 2016, it does not guarantee privacy on its own: it needs differential privacy or secure aggregation to prevent leaks from those gradients.
